Geologic Time Scale: Pleistocene Epoch
(2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago)
The Pleistocene Epoch is often referred to as the Ice Age due to it spanning the Earth’s most recent period of repeated glaciations. Charles Lyell introduced the term “Pleistocene” in 1839 to describe starta (layers) in Sicily that had at least 70% of their molluscan fauna still living today. The name is a combination of Ancient Greek “most” and Latin meaning “new”. The aridification and colling trends of the preceding Neogene were continued in the Pleistocene.
The modern continents were essentially at their present positions during the Pleistocene, the plates upon which they sit probably having moved no more that 100 kilometers (62 miles) relative to each other since the beginning of the period. In the glacial periods, the sea level would drop by over 100 meters (330 feet) during peak glaciation, exposing large areas of present continental shelf as dry land.
“Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Age/Stage
0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
The Late Pleistocene (or Upper Pleistocene) is an unofficial or “quasi-formal” age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy (stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock strata in relation to time). The Late Pleistocene is qqual to the Tarantian Age of the Geological time scale.
North American “Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Stage 0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)
Classification: Family: Elephantidae
Time: Pleistocene (Late Ionian) to early Holocene. Some small populations survived to as recently as 1700 BP (Before present)
Locations: North America to Eurasia
Size: Males 3.4m (11.2 ft) and Females 2.9m (9.5 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (grazer)
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
South American “Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Stage 0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus and species: Megatherium americanum
Name meaning: Large beast from America
Classification: Family: Megatherium
Time: Early Pliocene to Early Holocene
Range: Central South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Doedicurus clavicaudatus
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene to Holocene
Range: South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Macrauchenia ”Long llama”
Known locations: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Venezuela
Time period: Miocene (Late Tortonian) to Pleistocene (Tarantian)
Size: 3 meters long
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
European “Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Stage 0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo neanderthalensis
Name meaning: Neanderthal
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe, western Middle East, and Southwest Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Ursus spelaeus
Common name: Cave Bear
Classification: Family: Ursidae
Time: Middle to Late Pleistocene
Range: Asia to Europe
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Megaloceros giganteus
Common name: Irish elk
Classification: Subfamily: Cervinae
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Middle Holocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Genus: Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)
Classification: Family: Elephantidae
Time: Pleistocene (Late Ionian) to early Holocene. Some small populations survived to as recently as 1700 BP (Before present)
Locations: North America to Eurasia
Size: Males 3.4m (11.2 ft) and Females 2.9m (9.5 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (grazer)
African “Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Stage 0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Asian “Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Stage 0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo neanderthalensis
Name meaning: Neanderthal
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe, western Middle East, and Southwest Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Megaloceros giganteus
Common name: Irish elk
Classification: Subfamily: Cervinae
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Middle Holocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)
Classification: Family: Elephantidae
Time: Pleistocene (Late Ionian) to early Holocene. Some small populations survived to as recently as 1700 BP (Before present)
Locations: North America to Eurasia
Size: Males 3.4m (11.2 ft) and Females 2.9m (9.5 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (grazer)
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Australian “Late/Upper Pleistocene Stage” Stage 0.129 to 0.0117 million years ago
Name: Diprotodon ”Two forward teeth”
Classification: Infraclass: Marsupialia – Order: Diprotodontia – Superfamily: Vombatiformes – Family: Diprotodontidae
Species: D. optatum (type)
Size: Up 3 meters long, 2 meters tall at the shoulder
Time period: Pleistocene (Calabrian to mid/late Tarantian)
Known locations: Australia
Diet: Herbivore
Chibanian Age/Stage
0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
The Chibanian Stage named after the the strata at the site in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The “Chibanian” was rattified in January 2020 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) instead of the Ionian Age based on strata found in Italy.
North American Chibanian Stage 0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)
Classification: Family: Elephantidae
Time: Pleistocene (Late Ionian) to early Holocene. Some small populations survived to as recently as 1700 BP (Before present)
Locations: North America to Eurasia
Size: Males 3.4m (11.2 ft) and Females 2.9m (9.5 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (grazer)
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Central and South American Chibanian Stage 0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus and species: Megatherium americanum
Name meaning: Large beast from America
Classification: Family: Megatherium
Time: Early Pliocene to Early Holocene
Range: Central South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Doedicurus clavicaudatus
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene to Holocene
Range: South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Macrauchenia ”Long llama”
Known locations: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Venezuela
Time period: Miocene (Late Tortonian) to Pleistocene (Tarantian)
Size: 3 meters long
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
European Chibanian Stage 0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo neanderthalensis
Name meaning: Neanderthal
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe, western Middle East, and Southwest Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Ursus spelaeus
Common name: Cave Bear
Classification: Family: Ursidae
Time: Middle to Late Pleistocene
Range: Asia to Europe
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Megaloceros giganteus
Common name: Irish elk
Classification: Subfamily: Cervinae
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Middle Holocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Genus: Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)
Classification: Family: Elephantidae
Time: Pleistocene (Late Ionian) to early Holocene. Some small populations survived to as recently as 1700 BP (Before present)
Locations: North America to Eurasia
Size: Males 3.4m (11.2 ft) and Females 2.9m (9.5 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (grazer)
African Chibanian Stage 0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Asian Chibanian Stage 0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo neanderthalensis
Name meaning: Neanderthal
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe, western Middle East, and Southwest Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo sapiens
Name meaning: Humans, Mankind, You
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Late Pleistocene to Holocene
Location: Global
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Ursus spelaeus
Common name: Cave Bear
Classification: Family: Ursidae
Time: Middle to Late Pleistocene
Range: Asia to Europe
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Megaloceros giganteus
Common name: Irish elk
Classification: Subfamily: Cervinae
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Middle Holocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Genus: Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth)
Classification: Family: Elephantidae
Time: Pleistocene (Late Ionian) to early Holocene. Some small populations survived to as recently as 1700 BP (Before present)
Locations: North America to Eurasia
Size: Males 3.4m (11.2 ft) and Females 2.9m (9.5 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (grazer)
Australian Chibanian Stage 0.774 to 0.129 million years ago
Name: Diprotodon ”Two forward teeth”
Classification: Infraclass: Marsupialia – Order: Diprotodontia – Superfamily: Vombatiformes – Family: Diprotodontidae
Species: D. optatum (type)
Size: Up 3 meters long, 2 meters tall at the shoulder
Time period: Pleistocene (Calabrian to mid/late Tarantian)
Known locations: Australia
Diet: Herbivore
Calabrian Age/Stage
1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
The Calabrian was originally defined by an assemblage of mollusk fossils. In the 19th and early 20th centurey geologist used Mollusca and Brachiopods to identify stratigraphic boundaries. In 1948 the Calabrian was placed at the base of the Pleistocene Epoch based on marine strata by the 18th International Geologic Congress in London.
North American Calabrian Stage 1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Central and South American Calabrian Stage 1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus and species: Megatherium americanum
Name meaning: Large beast from America
Classification: Family: Megatherium
Time: Early Pliocene to Early Holocene
Range: Central South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Doedicurus clavicaudatus
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene to Holocene
Range: South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Macrauchenia ”Long llama”
Known locations: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Venezuela
Time period: Miocene (Late Tortonian) to Pleistocene (Tarantian)
Size: 3 meters long
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
European Calabrian Stage 1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo neanderthalensis
Name meaning: Neanderthal
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe, western Middle East, and Southwest Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Ursus spelaeus
Common name: Cave Bear
Classification: Family: Ursidae
Time: Middle to Late Pleistocene
Range: Asia to Europe
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
African Calabrian Stage 1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Asian Calabrian Stage 1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Homo neanderthalensis
Name meaning: Neanderthal
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe, western Middle East, and Southwest Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Australian Calabrian Stage 1.80 to 0.774 million years ago
Name: Diprotodon ”Two forward teeth”
Classification: Infraclass: Marsupialia – Order: Diprotodontia – Superfamily: Vombatiformes – Family: Diprotodontidae
Species: D. optatum (type)
Size: Up 3 meters long, 2 meters tall at the shoulder
Time period: Pleistocene (Calabrian to mid/late Tarantian)
Known locations: Australia
Diet: Herbivore
Gelasian Age/Stage
2.58 to 1.80 million years ago
The Gelasian Stage was named after the Sicilian city of Gela in the south of the island in 1998. Initially placed in the upper Pliocene, in 2009 the Gelasian Stage was moved to the Early Pleistocene.
North American Gelasian Stage 2.58 to 1.80 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Central and South American Gelasian Stage 2.58 to 1.80 million years ago
Genus and species: Smilodon fatalis
Common name: Saber-toothed cat
Classification: Family: Felidae – Subfamily: Machairodontinae – Tribe: Smilodontini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Early Holocene
Range: The Americas
Diet: Carnivore
Genus and species: Megatherium americanum
Name meaning: Large beast from America
Classification: Family: Megatherium
Time: Early Pliocene to Early Holocene
Range: Central South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus and species: Doedicurus clavicaudatus
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene to Holocene
Range: South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Glyptodon
Common name: Giant armodilla
Classification: Family: Glyptodontinae
Time: Pleistocene
Range: North, Central, and South America
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Macrauchenia ”Long llama”
Known locations: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Venezuela
Time period: Miocene (Late Tortonian) to Pleistocene (Tarantian)
Size: 3 meters long
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
European Gelasian Stage 2.58 to 1.80 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Genus: Deinotherium “terrible beast”
Classification: Suborder: Deinotheroidea, Family: Deinotheriidae, Subfamily: Deinotheriinae
Time: Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene Epochs
Locations: Africa, Europe and parts of Asia
Size: 4.0m (13.1 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore
African Gelasian Stage 2.58 to 1.80 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo habilis
Common name: “Handy man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene
Location: East and South Africa
Diet: Omnivore
Genus: Deinotherium “terrible beast”
Classification: Suborder: Deinotheroidea, Family: Deinotheriidae, Subfamily: Deinotheriinae
Time: Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene Epochs
Locations: Africa, Europe and parts of Asia
Size: 4.0m (13.1 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
Asian Gelasian Stage 2.58 to 1.80 million years ago
Genus and species: Homo erectus
Name meaning: “upright man”
Classification: Family: Hominidae – Subfamily: Homininae – Tribe: Hominini
Time: Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene
Location: Europe to Asia
Diet: Omnivore
Genus and species: Coelodonta antiquitatis
Common name: Woolly Rhinoceros
Classification: Rhinocerotidae
Time: Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
Range: Europe and Asia
Diet: Herbivore
Genus: Mammut (Mastodon) “breast tooth”
Classification: Family: Mammutidae
Time: Early Pliocene to Pleistocene/early Holocene
Locations: Across Africa, Eurasia North America and Central America
Size: 2.3m (9.2 ft) hieght
Diet: Herbivore (browser)
